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http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.a ... ltClick=24
Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk
Duck-chul Lee, PhD∗; Russell R. Pate, PhD†; Carl J. Lavie, MD‡; Xuemei Sui, MD, PhD†; Timothy S. Church, MD, PhD§; Steven N. Blair, PED‖
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(5):472-481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.058
Abstract
Abstract | Methods | Results | Discussion | Conclusions | Acknowledgments | References
Background Although running is a popular leisure-time physical activity, little is known about the long-term effects of running on mortality. The dose-response relations between running, as well as the change in running behaviors over time, and mortality remain uncertain.
Objectives We examined the associations of running with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risks in 55,137 adults, 18 to 100 years of age (mean age 44 years).
Methods Running was assessed on a medical history questionnaire by leisure-time activity.
Results During a mean follow-up of 15 years, 3,413 all-cause and 1,217 cardiovascular deaths occurred. Approximately 24% of adults participated in running in this population. Compared with nonrunners, runners had 30% and 45% lower adjusted risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, with a 3-year life expectancy benefit. In dose-response analyses, the mortality benefits in runners were similar across quintiles of running time, distance, frequency, amount, and speed, compared with nonrunners. Weekly running even <51 min, <6 miles, 1 to 2 times, <506 metabolic equivalent-minutes, or <6 miles/h was sufficient to reduce risk of mortality, compared with not running. In the analyses of change in running behaviors and mortality, persistent runners had the most significant benefits, with 29% and 50% lower risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, respectively, compared with never-runners.
Conclusions Running, even 5 to 10 min/day and at slow speeds <6 miles/h, is associated with markedly reduced risks of death from all causes and cardiovascular disease. This study may motivate healthy but sedentary individuals to begin and continue running for substantial and attainable mortality benefits.
Central Illustration
Leisure-Time Running Reduced All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk
Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by running characteristic (weekly running time, distance, frequency, total amount, and speed). Participants were classified into 6 groups: nonrunners (reference group) and 5 quintiles of each running characteristic. All HRs were adjusted for baseline age (years), sex, examination year, smoking status (never, former, or current), alcohol consumption (heavy drinker or not), other physical activities except running (0, 1 to 499, or ≥500 MET-minutes/week), and parental history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no). All p values for HRs across running characteristics were <0.05 for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality except for running frequency of ≥6 times/week (p = 0.11) and speed of <6.0 miles/h (p = 0.10) for cardiovascular mortality. Abbreviation as in Figure 2.
Perspectives
COMPETENCY IN MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE: Leisure-time running, even at low intensity or pace, reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality independently of sex, age, body mass index, health behavior, and medical conditions. Reduction in mortality is related to continued running activity over time, and running is as important as such other prognostic variables like smoking, obesity, or hypertension.
COMPETENCY IN INTERPERSONAL AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS: Healthcare providers should explain to patients the significant mortality benefits of running even as little as 5 to 10 min daily. Try to motivate patients to start running and to continue running as an attainable health goal.
TRANSLATIONAL OUTLOOK: Further research is needed to determine whether there is an upper limit to the amount of vigorous physical activity, beyond which additional exercise provides no further mortality reduction.
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